Tariffs, HTS Codes and Your Company’s Scope

Scope creep has become a tsunami!

by Miles Free III

Director of Industry Affairs, PMPA

Published June 1, 2025

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Tariffs have become the number one item of concern and conversation in our manufacturing industry. Every day, every hour, it seems there is something new to learn about tariffs. And that is causing a great deal of concern and uncertainty. What do these mean for our business today, and in the immediate and longer-term future?

These concerns are magnified by the fact that “foreign trade” is not included in the scope of our quality management systems, nor has there been a need to understand the Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) at the 10-digit level. Until now. Where can your shop turn to make sense of the tariff tsunami that is overwhelming all of the media and conversations between ourselves, our suppliers and our customers? May I humbly suggest effective associating through your industry trade association?

PMPA has led our shops to understand the impacts of the tariff developments since prior to their announcement. We have been working with our Washington D.C. team to prepare our members with online webinars, slide decks and review of HTS codes. We have helped our members push back on false tariff claims made by their package delivery providers who were misapplying tariffs by what seemed to be a random process. What else would explain an aluminum tariff being charged by the carrier for an international shipment of steel machine components? On the entire value of the shipment?

We have helped our members understand the taxonomy of HTS codes so they could help their customers determine the proper classification for the components that our shops supply based on the final product in which it is incorporated. This has been an essential benefit, as both our shop management and the supplier-facing procurement employees at our customers typically lack formal training in the increasingly important field of international business.

Navigating the Tsunami
What can you do to help your company navigate the tariff tsunami that has waves breaking far above all of our heads? Here are a few suggestions:

Join the trade association for your industry. At PMPA, we have an ongoing practice of advocating for our members as well as bringing them information that will help them navigate all of the legislative and administrative developments that can impact them and the markets that they serve.
Connect with your trade association’s staff and find out what resources they have available to explain these developments and ask advice on how to respond.

Attend the online and local programming as well as read any publications or breaking news shared by your association so that you will have authoritative, industry relevant details that you can apply to your situation.

Engage with your suppliers and customers to seek out alternatives that might allow all parties to avoid the tariff in the first place. If the first choice of material is imported and offers a 25% advantage in machining, but comes with a 25% tariff, why not use the domestically available alternative with the lower machinability and no tariff?

Study the categories for the components you make. Compare to the chapters of the HTS codes (hts.usitc.gov/) is your component an article of iron and steel under Chapter 73? Is it an article of plastic (Chapter 39) or rubber (Chapter 40)? Is it made of copper or copper-based materials (Chapter 74)? Nickel and articles thereof (Chapter 75)? Aluminum (Chapter 76)?

Don’t just look at it based on raw material — Chapter 84 reads “nuclear reactors, boilers” — not many of our shops are making parts for these on a daily basis, but Chapter 84 also includes machinery and mechanical appliances and parts thereof. Our components are essential in these applications. Chapters 86-89 cover vehicles and all things transport equipment.

There are more. Chapter 93 covers arms and ammunition parts and accessories. Miscellaneous manufactured items (furniture) can be found in Chapters 94-96.

The point of this article isn’t to teach you how to find it. The point is: Who is helping you make sense of the challenges you are facing? At PMPA, we provide this kind of sense making every day for our members so that they can adapt and thrive. Who is doing that for you? Because nobody has “must become expert on HTS codes for the raw materials, tools, equipment we buy or the components we sell” on their management scope and list of responsibilities and authorities. Until now. Who is helping you? PMPA is helping our members find the information that they need to become Better Together.

Author

Miles Free III is the PMPA Director of Industry Affairs with over 50 years of experience in the areas of manufacturing, quality and steelmaking. Miles’ podcast is at pmpa.org/podcast. Email Miles

Chipbreakers

Maximize uptime by controlling chips.

by David Wynn

Director of Technical Services, PMPA

Published May 1, 2025

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In the world of machining, the selection and utilization of appropriate chipbreakers play a pivotal role in optimizing cutting processes. Chipbreakers are features integrated into cutting tools to control chip formation, breakage and evacuation during material removal. Effective chip management is crucial for enhancing cutting efficiency, improving surface finish and extending tool life.

The formation and management of chips are critical to having a stable process. Improper chip control can lead to several issues but the most important issue is machine downtime. Chipbreakers are designed to move the chip from the work area and create manageable chunks that can be evacuated from the machine. Proper management of chips is crucial to maximizing uptime.

There are several ways to break a chip. Many times, changes to machining parameters can break chips. Adjusting the feed and speed, creating peck cycles or utilizing the new features on some machines to create automated peck cycles while turning. (Think Citizen LFV, Tsugami Oscillation Cutting or Star HFT technology.) Some materials, no matter what techniques we utilize, still need help from tool geometry to break the chip. Chipbreakers will even vary by material because different properties require different geometry to break the chip. Copper alloys will need different geometry than high nickel alloys.

Types of Chipbreakers

Chipbreakers come in various designs, each tailored to specific machining requirements. Most manufacturers have proprietary chipbreakers, but I feel most fall into these primary types:

2 Dimensional (2D)
Examples include top grooves ground into a tool, grinding grooves along the drill margin to break chips, creation of raised back walls or reduced back walls on tools. All of these give room for the chip to flow away from the work and create a stress point to break the chip. Most 2D chipbreakers are simple types that we have learned how to grind into our tooling. Chipbreakers of this type were discovered through trial and error while cutting metal.

Simple 3 Dimensional (3D)
These types of chipbreakers are much more complex than traditional 2D styles. It takes precise manufacturing techniques to produce the more complex shape. Tools with simple 3D chipbreakers have been CNC ground or had the shapes pressed into them during manufacturing. Variable grooves, flowing rank angles, stepped geometries and more are precisely designed for specific purposes and materials.

Complex 3 Dimensional (3D)
Complex chipbreakers are formed by pressing raw inserts to create complex shapes such as dimples, finger grooves, wavy formations, chip channels along the insert cutting edge and more. New styles are being developed every day. The complex shapes have allowed insert manufacturers to tackle very specific machining problems. Advances in manufacturing have allowed insert manufacturers the ability to make higher mixes of shapes providing greater variety in choice of chipbreakers.

In conclusion, the selection and utilization of appropriate chipbreakers is integral to achieving efficient and effective machining processes. By understanding the importance of chip control and becoming familiar with different chipbreaker types, machinists can optimize cutting tool performance, increase uptime to improve tool life and enhance overall productivity.

Author

David Wynn is the PMPA Director of Technical Services with over 20 years of experience in the areas of manufacturing, quality, ownership, IT and economics. Email David

What I Wish I Knew Then That I Know Now

I had no idea that we need experts. That I could become an expert. That my passion to be the best helped make it so. What do you know now?

by Miles Free III

Director of Industry Affairs, PMPA

Published May 1, 2025

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When I started my career in manufacturing, it was a decision born out of necessity. Out of economics. Out of a desire to be independent. But what I have learned is that while economics and a desire for more and better choices in my life were important, they paled in comparison to the real joy of operating at my highest and best use. Of continuously growing my knowledge and capabilities and by doing my job, making things that made a difference in the lives of millions of people. Manufacturing became my success space, my community and my expertise. This is because I did the work.

Why is doing the work important? Let me share a quote from Dorothy Sayers: “Work is not, primarily, a thing one does to live, but a thing one lives to do. It is, or should be, the full expression of the worker’s faculties.”

Our work is not just a job. What we make literally touches the lives of thousands each day, millions each year. We were deemed essential workers. Be essential.

How essential? You are — I am — all are — the customer. A precision machinist made the parts that you and I come into contact with every day: the breakaway hose fittings at the gas station, the nozzles and fittings on the coffee machines and soda fountains, parts on our appliances, HVAC, not to mention our cars (gas, electric or diesel) or the nozzles that glued the boxes and packages for food.

I didn’t know when I started, but I learned on the job that my safety comes first. Safety of others comes second. I put on my own PPE before worrying about others. That business about putting on your own oxygen mask on an airplane before helping someone else makes perfect sense. Call for assistance before trying to make a rescue. Calling backup first improves everyone’s odds.

Maintaining identification of materials and lot control of production comes after others’ safety. Then comes everything else. Maintaining material and lot identification is your greatest responsibility. Even if the part is perfectly machined, if it is of the wrong material the part is unusable. We cannot detect material differences with our senses — we can’t see, taste, smell, hear or feel differences in grades of metals. So, when we lose material identity and apply the incorrect material, perhaps it won’t weld, crimp or withstand the forces for which it was designed. That opens up the possibility of injury or even death for the end user.

There really aren’t any shortcuts. College doesn’t make you an expert at manufacturing. Manufacturing makes you an expert at manufacturing. Community college is a great place to first learn, and then grow the skills that will help you become the go-to expert on your shop floor.

There is more to a job than just doing the job. Learning more about materials, methods, tools, geometry, quality, safety — all these will combine to give you greater problem-solving abilities. Don’t be a one-note performer. Do find an area where you can become the expert. Maybe it’s regrinding a tool, 5-S, GD&T, quality, estimating, maintaining fluids, software, machines or G and M codes. We need experts. Become an expert. Bring your passion to be the best.

Learning is a process. Find your process to retain knowledge. I used a notebook for recording things as they came up about suppliers and processes. I also put brochures into binders by subject — steel, non-steel materials, tools, coatings, drills, fluids and so on. People always came to me because I had the answer. Actually, they came to me because I had a process for knowledge retention.

The last of the baby boomers will be out of the industry by 2030 — that’s just five years from now. When boomers are gone, it will be up to you. What do they know that you will need?

A second pair of safety shoes will keep you comfortable and less distracted. You are spending over 40 hours a week — 2,000 hours a year on your feet — so give your feet a break.

Pay yourself first. Younger me invested in my employer-sponsored savings plan. Today, I am all set for a comfortable retirement. Social security will be extra, not the base.

Quality is the absence of waste. This applies to you. Don’t waste your time. Don’t waste your talent. Precision machinists see the value that they create with each and every part, each and every day.

Our lives today are increasingly revolving around technology. Technology requires our talent to produce the functionality to make that technology work. Precision machinists hold a commanding position of advantage —
we make the things that make a difference. That’s what I know now and what I wish I knew then.

Author

Miles Free III is the PMPA Director of Industry Affairs with over 50 years of experience in the areas of manufacturing, quality and steelmaking. Miles’ podcast is at pmpa.org/podcast. Email Miles